FARTHER AND FURTHER EXERCISE

FARTHER AND FURTHER EXERCISE

Complete the following sentences using further or farther.

Notes

Both further and farther can be used to talk about distance.
Further can also mean ‘additional’.

1. Delhi is ………………………. away than Mumbai.

a) further
b) farther
c) Either could be used here

2. If you need …………………. information, please contact our support team.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

3. It wasn’t year 1995 – it was ………………….. back than that.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

4. Jaipur is …………………. away than Mumbai.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

5. James threw the ball ……………….. than Peter.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

6. The fog was so thick that I couldn’t see ……………….. than a few inches.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

7. It is 20 kilometers or …………………… from here.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

8. I don’t want to go any …………………… today.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

9. We can’t expect any ………………….. help from them.

a) farther
b) further
c) Either could be used here

Answers

1. Delhi is farther/further away than Mumbai.

2. If you need further information, please contact our support team.

3. It wasn’t year 1995 – it was further back than that.

4. Jaipur is further/farther away than Mumbai.

5. James threw the ball farther/further than Peter.

6. The fog was so thick that I couldn’t see farther / further than a few inches.

7. It is 20 kilometers or farther/further from here.

8. I don’t want to go any further / farther today.

9. We can’t expect any further help from them.

USES OF THE COMMA

USES OF THE COMMA

The comma is used to indicate a pause between parts of a sentence.

Uses of the comma

Before and after words used in apposition to a noun

·         Winston Churchill, the statesman, was also an eminent writer.
Janaki, my sister, is an eminent cardiologist.

To separate two or more nouns, adjectives, or adverbs that come together

·         England, Russia and France formed an alliance.

To separate a participial phrase

·         Feeling tired, I went to bed.

·         Being fat, she couldn’t run fast.

To mark off a noun

·         James, can we bank on him?

·         Mary, have your meals.

·         John, come here.

After an introductory phrase or clause

·         To be honest, I have little interest in politics.

·         For God’s sake, leave me alone.

·         In the name of justice, be fair to that poor man.

To indicate the omission of a verb in cases where repetition should be avoided

·         My brother bought a watch and my sister, a camera. (= My brother bought a watch and my sister bought a camera.)

Before and after words or phrases let into the body of a sentence

·         She had, surprisingly, paid for everything.

·         The boy had, in spite of all the hardships he faced, managed to succeed.

To separate a subordinate clause from the main clause

·         After he had finished his job, he went out.

·         When I opened the door, the cat jumped in.

The comma can be omitted when the subordinate clause goes after the main clause.

 

COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. Common examples of coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so.

A complex sentence has a main clause and one or more dependent clauses. In a complex sentence we use a subordinating conjunction to connect the dependent clause to the main clause. Common examples of subordinating conjunctions are: as, when, while, because, since, after, before, although, though, if, whether, unless and until.

We can change a compound sentence into a complex sentence by replacing the coordinating conjunction with a subordinating conjunction. Study the examples given below.

The doctor must come at once or the patient will die. (Compound sentence)

If the doctor does not come at once, the patient will die. (Complex sentence)

Gandhi believed in non-violence but some of his followers were extremists. (Compound sentence)

Though Gandhi believed in non-violence some of his followers were extremists. (Complex sentence)

Search his pockets and you will find the stolen watch. (Compound sentence)

If you search his pockets, you will find the stolen watch. (Complex sentence)

You must hurry or you will miss the train. (Compound sentence)

If you do not hurry you will miss the train. (Complex sentence)

He wants to be a scholar, so he is studying hard. (Compound sentence)

As he wants to be a scholar he is studying hard. (Complex sentence)

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS WORKSHEET

A subordinating conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause.

Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions.

[when, while, where, though, although, till, before, unless, as, after, because, if, that, since]

1. We were happy ………………. we received the first prize.

2. The people were listening eagerly ……………….. the leader was speaking.

3. This is the place ………………. we were attacked.

4. ………………… he worked hard, he failed.

5. ……………………. she is beautiful, she is not intelligent.

6. You wait here ……………. I come.

7. She will not come …………….. we compel her.

8. There was a silence ……………….. the guests had gone.

9. She began to cry ………………… she had lost her golden chain.

10. …………………… you work hard, you will get the first prize.

11. She became angry …………………. I had said anything.

Answers

1. We were happy when we received the first prize.

2. The people were listening eagerly while the leader was speaking.

3. This is the place where we were attacked.

4. Although he worked hard, he failed.

5. Though she is beautiful, she is not intelligent.

6. You wait here till I come.

7. She will not come unless we compel her.

8. There was a silence after the guests had gone.

9. She began to cry because she had lost her golden chain.

10. If you work hard, you will get the first prize.

11. She became angry before I had said anything.

SUBJECT AND VERB WORKSHEET

Supply a verb that agrees with the subject.

1. My brother and I …………….. cricket.

a) like
b) likes

2. The quality of the apples ………………. not very good.

a) was
b) were

3. The rise and fall of the tide ………………. due to the attraction of the moon.

a) is

b) are

4. The state of his affairs ………………. such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.

a) was
b) were

5. He or his friend …………… the secret.

a) know
b) knows

6. Time and tide ……………….. for none.

a) wait
b) waits

7. Neither he nor his friend ……………… there.

a) was
b) were

8. Either he is mistaken or I ………………..

a) are
b) am

9. Wool, as well as cotton, ………………. exported from India.

a) is
b) are

10. The leader, as well as his followers, …………….. excited.

a) was
b) were

Answers

1. My brother and I like cricket.

2. The quality of the apples was not very good.

3. The rise and fall of the tide is due to the attraction of the moon.

4. The state of his affairs was such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.

5. He or his friend knows the secret.

6. Time and tide waits for none.

7. Neither he nor his friend was there.

8. Either he is mistaken or I am.

9. Wool, as well as cotton, is exported from India.

10. The leader, as well as his followers, was excited.

RULES REGARDING PREPOSITIONS

RULES REGARDING PREPOSITIONS

Use ‘in’ for countries and big towns.

·         She was born in New Zealand.

·         I live in Mumbai.

Use ‘at’ for addresses.

·         Are you still at that address?
We live at D 23, MG Road.

Use ‘in’ for position inside a three dimensional space.

·         The cat is in the kitchen.

Use ‘on’ for position on the surface of something.

·         There is something on the roof.

·         Put the books on the table.

Use ‘to’ and ‘into’ to show direction.

·         He went to work.

·         The child fell into the well.

Use ‘till’ to indicate time.

·         I waited till 6 o’clock.

Use ‘since’ to indicate the starting point of something.

·         I have been waiting since morning.

Use ‘for’ to indicate duration.

·         It rained for two hours.

·         We have been living in this city for three years.

Use ‘from’ to indicate the source.

·         She comes from a small town.

Use ‘to’ to indicate the destination.

·         He went to America.

Use ‘between’ to indicate position between two or more clearly defined people or objects.

·         The child sat between his father and parents.

Use ‘among’ to indicate position among more than two people or objects.

·         She sat among the children.

Use ‘with’ to indicate the instrument and ‘by’ to indicate the agent.

·         He killed the spider with a stone.

·         The spider was killed by the boy.

Use ‘beside’ to mean ‘by the side of’.

·         The boy sat beside his mother.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction which connects a dependent clause to an independent clause is called a subordinating conjunction.

The common subordinating conjunctions are when, while, where, though, although, till, until, before, after, if, unless, as, since, because and that.

When it started raining they took shelter under a tree.

I was working while you were playing.

Put it where you can find it later.

Though he is rich, he is not arrogant.

Although I had invited him, he didn’t turn up.

Will you wait here till I return?

I waited until 10 o’clock and then I went home.

He always feeds the dogs before he goes to work.

He went to the US after he finished his studies.

If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

Unless you achieve your targets, you will not be promoted.

As he was not there, I couldn’t meet him.

Since he has apologized, we will not take any further actions against him.

My parents were happy because I had won the first prize.

I am glad that you have passed the test.

There are different kinds of subordinating conjunctions. They are:
Subordinating conjunction of time: when, while, before, after, till, since
Subordinating conjunction of place: where, wherever
Subordinating conjunction of cause or reason: because, since, as
Subordinating conjunction of condition: if, unless
Subordinating conjunction of concession: though, although
Subordinating conjunction of result or consequence: so…that, that
Subordinating conjunction of purpose: that, lest
Subordinating conjunction of comparison: than

PHRASES WORKSHEET

Identify the phrases in the following sentences and state their kind

1. He was a man of great wealth.

2. The principal was an old man of friendly disposition.

3. The workers belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills.

4. There I met a boy with red hair.

5. Only a man with plenty of money can buy a car of such beauty and power.

6. He was a young man of great promise.

7. He wore a turban made of gold.

8. He ran with great speed.

9. You can buy it in all places.

10. He replied in a very rude manner.

11. How does he live without any worries?

Answers

1. He was a man of great wealth. (adjective phrase)

2. The principal was an old man of friendly disposition. (adjective phrase)

3. The workers belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills. (adjective phrase)

4. There I met a boy with red hair. (adjective phrase)

5. Only a man with plenty of money can buy a car of such beauty and power. (adjective phrases)

6. He was a young man of great promise. (adjective phrase)

7. He wore a turban made of gold. (adjective phrase)

8. He ran with great speed. (adverb phrase)

9. You can buy it in all places. (adverb phrase)

10. He replied in a very rude manner. (adverb phrase)

11. How does he live without any worries? (adverb phrase)

SUBJECT-PREDICATE WORKSHEET

 identify the subject and the predicate IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1. A rolling stone gathers no moss.

2. Borrowed garments never fit well.

3. She has been to all the continents.

4. A barking dog seldom bites.

5. On the top of the hill lives a hermit.

6. You never cease to amaze me.

7. We should profit from our experience.

8. Suddenly one of the wheels came off.

9. A dark figure appeared in the hallway.

10. Someone rose to speak.

11. When did she die?

12. Who told you this?

13. No man can serve two masters.

Answers

1. A rolling stone (subject) / gathers no moss (predicate).

2. Borrowed garments (subject) / never fit well (predicate).

3. She (subject) / has been to all the continents (predicate).

4. A barking dog (subject) / seldom bites (predicate).

5. On the top of the hill lives (predicate) / a hermit (subject).

6. You (subject) / never cease to amaze me (predicate).

7. We (subject) / should profit from our experience (predicate).

8. Suddenly one of the wheels came off. (one of the wheels – subject / suddenly came off – predicate)

9. A dark figure (subject) / appeared in the hallway (predicate).

10. Someone (subject) / rose to speak (predicate).

11. When did she die? (she – subject / when did die – predicate)

12. Who (subject) / told you this (predicate)?

13. No man (subject) / can serve two masters (predicate).

EXERCISE ON USING CONJUNCTION/PREPOSITION

Despite, in spite of, however, although

Complete the following sentences using an appropriate conjunction or preposition.

1. We went out …………………….. the rain.

a) in spite of
b) in spite
c) despite of

2. She went on working ……………….. it was raining.

a) although
b) despite
c) in spite of

3. She went to work ………………… the fact that it was a holiday.

a) despite
b) in spite of
c) Either could be used here

4. …………………. she didn’t like the cutlet, I enjoyed it very much.

a) Although
b) Despite
c) However

5. I had invited him; ………………….., he didn’t come.

a) although
b) despite
c) however

6. It was fun, ………………… dangerous.

a) though
b) however
c) in spite of

7. I was late; ………………. everybody else was on time.

a) although
b) however
c) despite

8. ………………… I was late, everybody else was on time.

a) Although
b) However
c) Though

9. They managed to do it, ………………….. I was not there.

a) although
b) however
c) despite

10. I went ………………… I had not been invited.

a) although
b) however
c) Either could be used here

Answers

1. We went out in spite of the rain.

2. She went on working although it was raining.

3. She went to work in spite of the fact that it was a holiday.

4. Although she didn’t like the cutlet, I enjoyed it very much.

5. I had invited him; however, he didn’t come.

6. It was fun, though dangerous.

7. I was late; however everybody else was on time.

8. Although I was late, everybody else was on time.

9. They managed to do it, although I was not there.

10. I went although I had not been invited.