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Wednesday, November 27, 2019

EXERCISE FOR SENTENCE PATTERN

Sentence Pattern - Exercise

Identify the pattern of the following sentence :
1.She / will come
a) SV      b) SVO  c) SVC   d) SVOC   
           
2.She became a teacher
a) SVCA                b) SVO  c) SVA   d) SVC   

3.One of the boys / must go
a) SVC   b) SVOA               c) SVCA                d) SV    

4.I wish you Happy new year
a) SV      b) SV IO DO        c) SVC   d)SVOC      
         
5. It is dark everywhere
a) SVC   b) SVCA                c) SVA   d) SVOA              

6.I am a programmer in this company
a) SVC   b) SVCA                c) SVA   d) SVOA              

7.He / always / dresses / neatly
a) SAVA                b) SVCA                c) SVOA                d) SVOAA           

8.He / gave / the book / to him
a) SVO  b) SV DO A          c) SV DO IO         d) SV IO DO       

9.The sun / shines
a) SO     b) SV     c) SA      d) S DO

10.I / met / his friend / yesterday
a) SVOA               b) ASV  c) SVC   d) SVOC              

11.They / gave / me / tea
a) SV IO DO         b) SVOA               c) SV IO                d) SCVA               

12.They / gave / a pen / to him
a) SVAC                b) SVOA               c) SV IO DO         d) SV DO IO       

13.He/ irons/ his shirt
a) SVC   b) SVOA               c) SVCA                d) SVO 

14.This morning / at seven / I / heard / a sound
a) SVO IO             b) AASVO            c) ASVO                d)SVCA

15.Sit / here
a) VA     b) OA    c) VO     d) V IO 

16.My grandfather/ told/ me/ a story
a) SVC   b) SV IO DO        c) SV IO                d) SVOA              

17.Mary/ cooks /deliciously
a) SVC   b) SVA  c) SVO   d) AVS 

18.I /gave/ her /a doll
a) SVA   b) SV IO A            c) SV DO IO         d) SV IO DO       

19.The cock / is / on the roof
a) SVA   b) SVC   c) SAC   d) SV    

20.Ricky is the team leader.
a) SVC   b) ASV  c) SVA   d) SVOC


ANSWERS                    
1.SV

2.SVC

3.SV

4.SVIODO

5.SVCA

6.SVCA

7.SAVA

8.SVDOIO

9.SV

10.SVOA

11.SVIODO

12.SVDOIO

13.SVO

14.AASVO

15.VA

16.SVIODO

17.SVA

18.SVIODO

19.SVA

20.SVC

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

 

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:
To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth)
To give instructions or directions:
You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.
To express fixed arrangements, present or future:
Your exam starts at 09.00
To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.

EXAMPLES

For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.

For repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.

For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.

For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on 26th March.

With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.


FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO THINK
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I think
Do I think?
I do not think
You think
Do you think?
You do not think
He thinks
Does he think?
He does not think
She thinks
Does she think?
She does not think
It thinks
Does it think?
It does not think
We think
Do we think?
We do not think.
They think
Do they think?
They do not think.


NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR
In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

EXAMPLES
He goes to school every morning.
She understands English.
It mixes the sand and the water.
He tries very hard.
She enjoys playing the piano.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate simple present tense form of the verb given in the brackets.
1. The plane ………………….. at 6.30. (arrive)
2. I will phone you when he …………………… . back. (come)
3. Unless we ………………………. now we can’t be there on time. (start)
4. The sun ……………………… in the east. (rise)
5. The next term …………………… on Monday. (begin)
6. She ……………………… an engineer. (be)
7. They …………………. our relatives. (be)
8. When does the train ……………………? (depart)
9. Let’s wait till he …………………….. his work. (finish)
10. Please ring me up as soon as he …………………………. (arrive)

Answers
1. The plane arrives at 6.30.
2. I will phone you when he comes back.
3. Unless we start now we can’t be there on time.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. The next term begins on Monday.
6. She is an engineer.
7. They are our relatives.
8. When does the train depart?
9. Let’s wait till he finishes his work.
10. Please ring me up as soon as he arrives.

SIMPLE PRESENT FORMS


Simple Present Forms
The simple present is just the base form of the verb. Questions are made with do and negative forms are made with do not.
·    Statement: You speak English.
·    Question: Do you speak English?
·    Negative: You do not speak English.
In the third person singular, -s or -es is added. Questions are made with does and negative forms are made with does not.
·    Statement: He speaks English.
·    Question: Does he speak English?
·    Negative: He does not speak English.
Simple Present Uses
USE 1 Repeated Actions
Use the simple present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
·    play tennis.
·    She does not play tennis.
·    Does he play tennis?
·    The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
·    The train does not leave at 9 AM.
·    When does the train usually leave?
·    She always forgets her purse.
·    He never forgets his wallet.
·    Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
·    Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
The simple present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
·    Cats like milk.
·    Birds do not like milk.
·    Do pigs like milk?
·    California is in America.
·    California is not in the United Kingdom.
·    Windows are made of glass.
·    Windows are not made of wood.
·    New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use simple present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
·    The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
·    The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
·    When do we board the plane?
·    The party starts at 8 o'clock.
·    When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the simple present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with non-continuous verbs and certain mixed verbs.
Examples:
·    am here now.
·    She is not here now.
·    He needs help right now.
·    He does not need help now.
·    He has his passport in his hand.
·    Do you have your passport with you?

Sunday, November 10, 2019

PREPOSITIONS


Prepositions
A preposition is an important part of the English language. It is used to show a relationship between the noun and pronoun in a sentence. A preposition must always be followed by a noun or pronoun in a sentence. It can never be followed by a verb.
Prepositions are words that show relationships. A sentence would not make sense without the use of a preposition. There are different types of prepositions used in the English language that not only add detail but make a sentence complete. Prepositions are used to show location, time, direction, cause and possession.
Some examples of common prepositions used in sentences are:
He sat on the chair.
There is some milk in the fridge.
She was hiding under the table.
The cat jumped off the counter.
He drove over the bridge.
She lost her ring at the beach.
The book belongs to Anthony.
They were sitting by the tree.
Examples of Prepositions
There are five different types of prepositions:
Simple prepositions
Double prepositions
Compound prepositions
Participle prepositions
Phrase prepositions
Simple Prepositions
Simple prepositions are words like at, for, in, off, on, over, and under. These common prepositions can be used to describe a location, time or place.
Some examples of common prepositions used in sentences are:
He sat on the chair.
There is some milk in the fridge.
She was hiding under the table.
The cat jumped off the counter.
He drove over the bridge.
She lost her ring at the beach.
The book belongs to Anthony.
They were sitting by the tree.
We are running in the gym today.
The sun is above the clouds.
She lives near her workplace.
She drew the picture with a crayon.
He swam at the lake.
I walked down the street.
We located the key for the lock.
The car went through the tunnel.
I got a package from a friend.
I have liked that song since 1999.
She put the flowers by the window.
The food was placed on the table.
Double Prepositions
Double prepositions are two simple prepositions used together, often indicating direction. Some examples are into, upon, onto, out of, from within.
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess.
The baby climbed onto the table.
It is up to us to find the answer.
The loud noise came from within the stadium.
She never leaves without her phone.
The bird sat atop the oak tree.
The caterpillar turned into a butterfly.
I was unable to get out of the appointment.
Compound Prepositions
Compound prepositions (or complex prepositions) consist of two or more words, usually a simple preposition and another word, to convey location. Some examples are in addition to, on behalf of, and in the middle of.
She sat across from Marie.
I attended the meeting on behalf of my company.
We were in the middle of the storm.
He has gym class in addition to his regular classes today.
He picked up the penny from beneath the couch.
Aside from singing, she also plays the piano at the bar.
My car is parked in front of the mailbox.
The weather will be good this weekend according to Tom.
Participle Prepositions
Participle prepositions have endings such as -ed and -ing. Examples are words such as considering, during, concerning, provided.
She is interested in anything concerning horses.
He works one job during the day and another at night.
The dog kept following him home.
All the neighbors were there including the new one.
The principal was asking questions regarding her behavior.
Considering his age, he did a great job.
He was frustrated at the situation.
The teacher said no talking during class.
Phrase Prepositions
Phrase prepositions (or prepositional phrases) include a preposition, an object, and the object's modifier. Examples include phrases like on time, at home, before class, and on the floor.
I will get to the conference on time.
The baseball game was canceled after the heavy rain.
John found his homework under the bed.
The children loved the gifts from their grandparents.
He succeeded with a little help.
We met to discuss the project before class.
She left muddy footprints on the clean floor.
According to his wishes, his funeral will be private.

Friday, September 27, 2019

How to open a speech or presentation


How to open a speech or presentation

How do you effectively open a speech or presentation to prevent this from happening? Here are seven effective methods to open a speech or presentation:
1.    Quote
Opening with a relevant quote can help set the tone for the rest of your speech. For example, one that I often use to open a presentation dealing with public speaking:
“It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.” – Mark Twain
2.    “What If” Scenario
Immediately drawing your audience into your speech works wonders. Asking a “what if” question invites the audience to follow your thought process.
“What if we were all blunt? How different would our everyday lives be? What would happen if we said what was on our minds, all day every day?”
3.    “Imagine” Scenario
A similar method, but more relevant for sensational examples.  It puts your audience members directly into the presentation by allowing each member to visualize an extraordinary scenario.
“Imagine jumping out of a skydiving plane and discovering your parachute doesn’t work. What memories would flash before you? Now imagine the parachute opened. How differently would you act when you landed?”
4.    Question
Ask a rhetorical or literal question. When someone is posed with a question, whether an answer is called for or not, that person intuitively answers.
“Who wouldn’t want to live on an exotic island?”
5.    Silence
A pause, whether two seconds or 10 seconds, allows your audience to sit and quiet down.  Most audiences expect a speaker to begin immediately. An extra pause brings all the attention right where you should want it – on you.
6.    Statistic
Use a surprising, powerful, personalized statistic that will resonate with the audience to get your message across right away. It has the potential to trigger the audiences’ emotional appeal.
  1. “Look to your left. Now look to your right.  One of your seatmates will  ___________.”
    “In this room, over 90 percent of us are going to _________.”
  2. Powerful Statement/Phrase
    A statement or phrase can catch the audience’s attention by keeping them guessing as to what you’re about to say next. Implementing the silence technique afterwards also adds to the effect.
    “We can not win.  We can’t win…”
    (Pause)
    “… That’s what every newspaper in the country is saying.”


Tuesday, September 24, 2019

PROCESS ANALYSIS ESSAY


Structuring a Process Analysis Essay

A process essay describes a series of steps or events. A coherent essay requires a clear purpose or unifying idea (thesis). There are two basic types of process essays: directional (how to do something) and informational (how something works). A directional essay provides directions to achieve a particular result (how to cook perfect grits). An informational essay explains something for a reader (how a rocket engine works). 
There are three basic steps to writing a process essay.
1.     1.Divide the process. Have a clear purpose and divide the process into basic, well-defined steps, usually following a time order. ...
2.    2. Use effective transitions. Use transitional words help clarify a process analysis essay. ...
3.     3.Read the paper carefully.



 Five basic steps will allow a writer to achieve the best possible outcome when trying to develop an essay.
         First, the writer must choose a topic or subject. If the topic is assigned, this step is unnecessary. But, if the writer must choose, he or she can incorporate two questions into the selection process. What is my purpose for developing the essay? Who is my audience? When the answers are clear, and a topic has been chosen, it is time to formulate the thesis statement. 
         Next, step two of the writing process is drafting a thesis statement which will make clear the author’s position on the topic. The thesis statement is the central idea that the rest of the essay will support. It is the main point of the paper and is usually written in one complete sentence. In the thesis statement, the writer explains, defends, or proves the chosen topic. Usually, the thesis statement also identifies the writer’s method of essay development. Examples of essay development are cause/effect, definition, compare/contrast, exemplification or illustration, process analysis, classification, analysis, persuasion or argument, description, and narration. Once the thesis is declared, the writer is ready for the next step, organizing the ideas to support the thesis. 
       Step three, organizing ideas, can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The writer can free-write, that is, begin writing whatever thoughts pop into his or her head, and organize them later. The writer can also organize ideas in a prearranged fashion. If a writer chooses to brainstorm, he or she will write down all of his or her ideas in no particular order. Clustering, sometimes called mapping, is similar to brainstorming; however, it is a more organized way to write ideas because a diagram is constructed to illustrate how one idea branches off from another. Clustering can also be utilized as a flowchart. Finally, a writer may choose to include an outline, which will arrange ideas in a logical order, including the thesis statement, main ideas, and supporting points.
       Whatever way a writer chooses to organize his or her ideas, once the ideas are structured, the writer is ready for step four, writing the rough draft. After organizing the ideas, all of the ideas are now formed into complete paragraphs when writing the rough draft. The introduction paragraph will include the thesis statement, normally located at the end of the paragraph. The thesis statement is followed by supporting paragraphs using the organized ideas. During this stage of writing, the writer writes without worrying about sentence structure or spelling. Paragraphs are constructed as follows: main idea, major supporting sentences, and minor supporting details. 
       When all of the ideas have been exhausted, and there is no more to write, the writer is ready for the final step, revising the piece of writing. Revising consists of two important parts: proofreading and editing. The writer reads what he or she has written and uses this step to perfect sentence structure and grammar. He or she must be sure that the essay follows the expected pattern of organization, supports the main idea, and contains enough examples and details so that the essay is clear to the reader. Writers should ask themselves some questions before considering the essay finished. Is the thesis clear and well supported? Are the sentences in the correct order? Is every word necessary? Are the ideas fully explained? Are transitional words used, and are they effective? Are words spelled correctly and capitalized when necessary? Are punctuation marks used properly? These are some of the questions that must be answered and changes may be made before the writer is ready to present the final version for review. A writer’s point of view can be expressed on paper when it is presented in a clear, concise form. By following the strategies outlined in the essay writing process, a writer can expect his or her essay to make a lucid connection with every person who reads it. Choosing a topic and considering the assignment, drafting a thesis statement, organizing ideas, preparing a rough draft, and revising an essay are five effective steps for writing that will allow a writer to complete a well-developed essay. 
Conclusion: The final paragraph summarizes the main idea (thesis statement).