'SO' INSTEAD OF 'THAT-CLAUSES'

'SO' INSTEAD OF 'THAT-CLAUSES'

The word ‘so’ can be used instead of a that-clause after the verbs say and tell.

·         They are getting married. Everybody says so. (= Everybody says that they are getting married.)

Here we use the word ‘so’ to avoid the repetition of the clause ‘that they are getting married’.

·         ‘You are going to cook dinner’ ‘Who says so?’ (= Who says that I am going to cook dinner?)

·         The government is introducing new tax laws. Mark told me do. (= Mark told me that the government is introducing new tax laws.)

I told you so

The expression I told you so is used to mean ‘I warned you, but you didn’t listen to me.’

·         ‘Mummy, I’ve failed my test.’ ‘I told you so. You shouldn’t have spent the whole time sitting in front of that TV.’

With this meaning, so is not normally used after other verbs of saying.

‘So’ can also be used after the verbs think, hope, believe, expect, suppose and guess.

·         ‘Is Samuel here?’ ‘I think so.’ (= I think that Samuel is here.)

·         ‘Do you think that we are going to win?’ ‘Yes, I hope so.’ (= I think that we are going to win.)

Note that ‘so’ cannot be used before a that-clause.

·         I hope that we will win. (NOT I hope so that we will win.)

‘So’ cannot be used after ‘know’.

·         ‘You are late’. ‘I know.’ or ‘I know it.’ (NOT I know so.)

WORKSHEET FOR BEGINNERS (WAS OR WERE)

WORKSHEET FOR BEGINNERS (WAS OR WERE)

 Use ‘was’ when the subject is a singular noun. ‘Was’ is also used with I, he, she and it.

 Use ‘were’ when the subject is a plural noun. ‘Were’ is also used with they, we and you.

Complete the following sentences with was/were.

1. I ………………. hungry.

2. The boy ………………… sleeping.

3. We …………………. waiting for them.

4. The girls ……………….. singing.

5. The peacock ………………… dancing.

6. It ………………… getting dark.

7. She ……………….. upset.

8. You …………………… playing with your friends.

9. They …………………. working on an important project.

10. Samuel …………………. anxious to leave.

11. James and John …………………… playing chess.

12. Maria ………………… listening to a song.

13. The princess …………………. beautiful but the frog ……………… ugly.

14. The dogs ……………… barking.

15. I …………………. reading a detective novel.

16. Yamuna …………….. playing with her daughter.

Answers

1. I was hungry.

2. The boy was sleeping.

3. We were waiting for them.

4. The girls were singing.

5. The peacock was dancing.

6. It was getting dark.

7. She was upset.

8. You were playing with your friends.

9. They were working on an important project.

10. Samuel was anxious to leave.

11. James and John were playing chess.

12. Maria was listening to a song.

13. The princess was beautiful but the frog was ugly.

14. The dogs were barking.

15. I was reading a detective novel.

16. Yamuna was playing with her daughter.

ADVERBS – A QUICK OVERVIEW

ADVERBS – A QUICK OVERVIEW

Adverbs are words used to modify verbs. Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. There are several different types of adverbs.

Adverbs of time

Time adverbs answer the question ‘when’. Examples are: before, now, already, then, late, early, yesterday, tomorrow etc.

I have seen him before.
You should start now.
I haven’t heard anything from him lately.
I have already discussed this with him.

Adverbs of frequency

Frequency adverbs answer the question ‘how often’. Common examples are: twice, once, always, often, seldom, again, frequently etc.

He often visits his grandmother.
I will not invite him again.
I met him only once.
He is seldom late for work.

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place answer the question ‘where’. Examples are:here, there, up, down, in, out.

He looked up.
He is not in at the moment.
Put it there.
Come here
Get out.
Come in.

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner answer the question ‘how’. Most adverbs ending in –ly are examples of adverbs of manner. Examples are:kindly, cruelly, pleasantly, softly, cleverly, bravely, slowly, sadly, well, hard etc.

I can see clearly.
Our soldiers fought bravely.
The child wept bitterly.
She speaks English well.
You must work hard.

Adverbs of degree

Degree adverbs answer the question ‘to what extent’ or ‘in which degree’. Examples are: too, very, almost, any, quite, enough, pretty etc.

You are too late.
She was very happy.
You are partly right.
She sings pretty well.
I am rather busy.
She was so happy.

CORRECT USE OF SOME CONJUNCTIONS

CORRECT USE OF SOME CONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases or clauses.
Note that you need only one conjunction to connect two clauses.
In this lesson, we will review the correct use of some conjunctions.

Except and unless

Except cannot be used as a conjunction equivalent to unless.

Incorrect: I will not come except you invite me.
Correct: I will not come unless you invite me.

Except is a preposition. It should be followed by a noun or noun-equivalent.

He ate everything on his plate except potatoes. (NOT He ate everything on his plate unless potatoes.)

Except and without

The preposition without also cannot be used as an equivalent tounless.

Unless you leave my house, I will call the police. (NOT Without you leave my house, I will call the police.)

Without is a preposition. It should be followed by a noun or noun equivalent.

Without your help, I would have failed. (NOT Except your help, I would have failed.)

The sentences given below express more or less the same meaning, but structures are different.

Compare:

I shall not go unless you do.
I shall not go without you.

Like and as

Like is a preposition. It cannot be used to connect two clauses. It should be followed by a noun or noun equivalent which acts as its object.

She looks like her mother.

As is a conjunction. It should be followed by a clause.

She walks as her mother does. (NOT She walks as her mother.)

NOUN CLAUSES TEST

NOUN CLAUSES TEST

A noun clause can act as the subject or object of the verb. It can also act as the object of a preposition.

Identify the noun clauses in the following sentences.

1. I wondered what he was doing there.

2. He replied that he would come.

3. She asked if I could help her.

4. That honesty is the best policy is a well-known fact.

5. I expected that I would get the first prize.

6. Do you know why he is late?

7. I don’t know what he wants.

8. Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

9. That she should forget me so quickly hurts me.

10. That you should behave like this is strange.

Answers

1. I wondered what he was doing there. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb wondered.)

2. He replied that he would come. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb replied.)

3. She asked if I could help her. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb asked.)

4. That honesty is the best policy is a well-known fact. (Here the noun clause acts as the subject of the verb is.)

5. I expected that I would get the first prize. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb expected.)

6. Do you know why he is late? (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb know.)

7. I don’t know what he wants. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the verb know.)

8. Pay careful attention to what I am going to say. (Here the noun clause acts as the object of the preposition to.)

9. That she should forget me so quickly hurts me. (Here the noun clause acts as the subject of the verb hurts.)

10. That you should behave like this is strange. (Here the noun clause acts as the subject of the verb is.)

GRAMMAR TEST

GRAMMAR TEST

Complete the following sentences.

1. The boy held the box ……………….. even though him arm hurt ……………….

a) tightly, badly
b) tight, bad
c) tightly, bad
d) tight, badly

2. ………………. as fast as she could, she managed to arrive on time.

a) Being driving
b) Driven
c) Having driving
d) Driving

3. …………………. much blood, the driver struggled with the controls.

a) Being lost
b) Having lost
c) Losing
d) Lost

4. The man was charged with DUI. ………………., he was suspected of committing robbery in another state.

a) In addition
b) For instance
c) In the same way
d) Similarly

5. I believe that smoking is extremely injurious ………………… health.

a) to
b) for
c) with
d) on

6. You will greatly benefit ………………. the experience.

a) with
b) to
c) from
d) by

7. I have invited Alice and Rebecca. ……………….. Sally, I don’t care whether she comes or not.

a) As far as
b) As for
c) While
d) Whereas

8. The train was late. ………………….. I managed to arrive on time.

a) On the contrary
b) By contrast
c) Despite that
d) Incidentally

9. Why do you want to get a job as a typist? You won’t be able to work from 9 to 6. ……………….. you can’t type.

a) In any case
b) In general
c) For instance
d) Incidentally

Answers

1. The boy held the box tightly even though him arm hurt badly.

2. Driving as fast as she could, she managed to arrive on time.

3. Having lost much blood, the driver struggled with the controls.

4. The man was charged with DUI. In addition, he was suspected of committing robbery in another state.

5. I believe that smoking is extremely injurious to health.

6. You will greatly benefit from the experience.

7. I have invited Alice and Rebecca. As for Sally, I don’t care whether she comes or not.

8. The train was late. Despite that I managed to arrive on time.

9. Why do you want to get a job as a typist? You won’t be able to work from 9 to 6. In any case you can’t type.

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