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Tuesday, February 9, 2016

REPORTING DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES


REPORTING DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES
 REPORTING STATEMENTS
Put ‘that’ before the reported statement.
Use the reporting verb ‘said’ or ‘told’. Note that the verb ‘told’ should be followed by an object. The verb ‘said’ cannot be followed by an object.
Direct speech: Rohan said, ‘I like this music.’
Indirect speech: Rohan said that he liked that music.
Direct speech: Alice said, ‘James, I want you to attend the function.’
Indirect speech: Alice told James that she wanted him to attend the function. (NOT Alice said James…)
REPORTING WH-QUESTIONS
Omit the question mark.
Put the subject of the question before the verb.
Use a reporting verb like asked, requested, or wanted to know.
Put an object after the reporting verb.
Direct speech: ‘What are you doing?’ asked his father.
Indirect speech: His father asked him what he was doing. (NOT His father asked him what was he doing.)
REPORTING YES-NO QUESTIONS
Omit the question mark.
Introduce the reported question with whether or if.
Put the subject of the Yes-No question before the verb.
Use the reporting verb asked.
Direct speech: ‘Are you happy?’ he asked her.
Indirect speech: He asked her if she was happy.
REPORTING IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Put ‘to’ before the reported command or request.
Use a reporting verb like asked, told, ordered, requested, urged, advised or begged.
‘Alice, bring me a chair,’ said her father.
Alice’s father asked her to bring him a chair.


Saturday, February 6, 2016

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE


PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
  • You are watching TV.
  • Are you watching TV?
  • You are not watching TV.
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
  • You are learning English now.
  • You are not swimming now.
  • Are you sleeping?
  • am sitting.
  • am not standing.
  • Is he sitting or standing?
  • They are reading their books.
  • They are not watching television.
  • What are you doing?
  • Why aren't you doing your homework?
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
  • am studying to become a doctor.
  • am not studying to become a dentist.
  • am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
  • am not reading any books right now.
  • Are you working on any special projects at work?
  • Aren't you teaching at the university now?
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:
  • am meeting some friends after work.
  • am not going to the party tonight.
  • Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
  • Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
  • She is always coming to class late.
  • He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
  • I don't like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You are still watching TV.
Are you still watching TV?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive



CHANGE THE VERB INTO THE CORRECT FORM
1. Anna  (rest) right now.
2. I  (talk) on the phone at this moment.
3. Bella  (cook) dinner now.
4. They  (help) the teacher right now.
5. He  (run) very fast!
6. Julia  (bake) a chocolate cake at the moment.
7. I  (have) fun!
8. You  (dance) very nicely.
9. They  (answer) all the questions.
10. John  (eat) Salad, and I am eating fish.
11. Marta  (drive), and Chris is sleeping (sleep).
12. It  (rain).
13. I  (write) my homework.
14. We  (work) on the new show right now.
15. Kate  (lie) in bed now.
CHECK

Wednesday, February 3, 2016

PRESENT TENSE


PRESENT TENSE


The present tense indicates that the action is done at the present time. Present tense usually refers to present time but it can also be used to describe past and future events.


Look at the following examples :
  1. I write a letter. (present event)
  2. She leaves for England next month. (future event)
  3. He is coming on next Monday. (future event)
  4. Napoleon now marches on Moscow. (past event) 
    (This is called the
     historical present or historic present. In the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past )






Kinds of present tense



There are four kinds of present tense.
  1. Present simple tense or Present Indefinite.
  2. Present continuous tense or Present progressive.
  3. Present perfect tense
  4. Present Perfect continuous tense




The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is habitual, fact or universal truth.


The present continuous tense is used to express an action that is still going on.


The present perfect tense is used to express an action completed just now.


It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is still ongoing..

Sunday, January 31, 2016

NOUN AND ITS KINDS


NOUN AND ITS KINDS



Noun

A noun is a word used as name of a person, place, thing or an idea. Here are some examples:
  • Person:Man, Woman, Teacher
  • Place:Home, Office, City, 
  • Thing:Chair, Ball, Apple, Money, Cat
  •   Idea:   Beauty, Wisdom, Strength


Kinds of Noun



There are five kinds of noun in English :
  1. Proper Noun.
  2. Common Noun.
  3. Collective Noun.
  4. Material Noun.
  5. Abstract Noun.


Proper Noun

Proper noun is the name of a particular person or place. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.
Examples: Jack, London, Tom

Common Noun

Common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the group. Common nouns begin with a capital letter only if it is the first word of the sentence.
Examples: Boy, King, Country

Collective Noun

Collective noun is the name of a group of persons or things taken together and spoken of as a whole, as unit.
Examples: Team, Committee, Army

Material Noun

Material noun is the name of a material or a substance or an ingredient of an alloy.
Examples: Gold, Salt, Iron, Diamond, Rubber, Chemical

Abstract Noun

Abstract noun are words for things that can't be experienced by any of the five senses; they can't be seen, heard, smelled, tasted or touched.
                                                      OR
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or action.
Examples: Love, Joy, Honesty, Falsehood, Death

Atoz Grammar Online Tutorials

Atoz Grammar Online Tutorials

Thursday, January 28, 2016

PAST TENSE AND PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE


Past simple tense

There are two types of English verbs in the past simple - regular and irregular verbs. They have different forms for positive statements (regular verbs: I play - I played, irregular verbs: I go - I went), but questions and negatives are made in the same way.
Positive statement: I worked, He worked, I draw - He drew
Negative statement: 
I did not work (I didn't work), He did not work (He didn't work), I did not draw (I didn't draw), He did not draw (He didn't draw)
Question form: 
Did you work? Did you draw?
Negative question: 
Did you not work? (Didn't you work?) Did you not draw? (Didn't you draw)
See also how to make the past simple in the passive voice.
Regular verbs usually end in -ed. This ending is the same for all persons, singular and plural.
The auxiliary verb did is not used with "to be" (Were you a student? He was not happy.), in a specific type of wh- questions and modal verbs.
We do not use the auxiliary did to make indirect questions and reported questions either.
The negative question normally expresses a surprise.
Didn't you know it?
Use
1. We use this form for activities or situations that were completed at a definite time.
a) The time can be given in the sentence:
I came home at 6 o'clock. When he was a child, he didn't live in a house.
b) The time is asked about:
When did they get married?
c) The time is not given in the sentence, but it is clear from a context that the action or situation was finished.
He is 20 years old. He was born in Canada. 
Alan: I've been to Iceland. - Greg: Did you enjoy it?
2. We use it for repeated activities.
We walked to school every day. - And did you ever go by bus?
3. The past simple tense is used in stories to describe events that follow each other.
Charles entered the hall and looked around. He took off his coat and put it on a chair. He was at home.

Past continuous tense

Form
Positive statement: I was sleeping, You were sleeping
Negative statement:
 I was not sleeping (I wasn't .... ), You were not sleeping (You weren't .... )
Question: Were you sleeping? Was he sleeping?
Neg. question: Were you not sleeping? (Weren't you .... ?) Was he not working? (Wasn't he .... ?)
The past continuous tense is formed with the past tense of the verb to be and the present participle (-ing form).
See also how to make the past continuous in the passive voice.
Use
We use this tense for activities or situations that were not completed.
From 10 to 12 I was washing my car. I was in the garage. (I did not finish my work. It was in progress. I started before 10 and finished after 12.)
The sun was setting. The beach was changing its colours. (The sun was still in the sky when I was watching it.)
Compare this sentence with completed actions:
From 10 to 12 I washed my car. (I finished my work. (I started at 10 and finished at 12.)
Finally, the sun set. It was dark and we did not see the beach anymore. (The sun completely disappeared.)
We use the past continuous tense for uninterrupted activities or situations. If the action is interrupted (it is not continuous - something is done in more intervals or we did more things one after another), we use the simple.
Tom was watching TV on Sunday. x Tom watched TV in the morning and in the evening.
Yesterday I was working in the garden. x Yesterday I worked in the garden and on my house.
This tense is typically used:
1. To express the idea that an action in the past continuous started before the action expressed by the past simple tense and continued after it.
When she saw me, I was looking at the trees. (These two actions happened at the same time. I was looking at the trees for some time and she saw me in the middle of it.)
Compare:
When she saw me, I looked at the trees. (These two actions happened one after another. First she saw me and then I looked at the trees.)
2. With a point in time to describe an action that started before that time and continued after it.
At 8 o'clock Jane was doing her homework. (At 8 o'clock she was in the middle of the activity. She did not finish it.)
Compare:
At 8 o'clock Jane did her homework. (She started the activity at 8 o'clock and finished it.)
3. It is used to describe a situation, while the simple is used to express actions in stories.
The sun was shining. Jack and Jill were lying on the beach. Jack was reading a book and Jill was sleeping. All of a sudden, Jack raised his head. Jill woke up. Something happened.
4. It describes an activity which was not finished in contrast with the simple past, which describes a completed activity.
I was reading a book yesterday. And today I am going to continue.
I read the book yesterday. I can lend it to you now.

5. It can be used to show a more casual action, the simple is for a deliberate action:
I was talking to my neighbour yesterday. We had a nice chat. (I did not do it on purpose. We just met in the street.)
I talked to my neighbour yesterday. And he promised to help me. (I did it on purpose. I needed to ask him for help.)

Sunday, January 24, 2016

GRAMMAR EXERCISE - PRESENT TENSE


GRAMMAR EXERCISE - PRESENT TENSE 

2. I ………………….. (drink) coffee in the morning. (Habitual action)
3. Flowers …………………… (bloom) in the spring. (Fact)
4. Birds …………………… (make) their nests in trees. (General truth)
5. The pigeon ……………………… (not know) the art of nest-making.
6. Deciduous trees ……………………… (shed) their leaves in the autumn.
7. Nobody ……………………. (like) dishonest people. (Fact)
8. Peter ………………………… (work) in a factory.
9. My sister ………………………. (live) abroad. (Fact)
10. I ……………………….. (work) at 8 am in the morning.
11. I ………………………… (never see) a whale.
12. I ……………………… (respect) my parents and teachers.
Answers
1. My father goes for a walk in the morning.
2. I drink coffee in the morning.
3. Flowers bloom in the spring.
4. Birds make their nests in trees.
5. The pigeon does not know the art of nest-making.
6. Deciduous trees shed their leaves in the autumn.
7. Nobody likes dishonest people.
8. Peter works in a factory.
9. My sister lives abroad.
10. I was working at 8 am in the morning.
11. I have never seen a whale.
12. I respect my parents and teachers.

Monday, January 11, 2016

GRAMMAR EXERCISE PRACTICE


GRAMMAR EXERCISE PRACTICE

Even, even if, even though, even so
1. She eats anything. She eats ………………… raw potatoes.
a) even
b) even if
c) even so
2. I will do it …………………….. he forbids me.
a) even if
b) even though
c) even so
3. …………………… I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.
a) Even if
b) Even though
c) Even so
4. He is rude to everybody. He is ………………. rude to his parents and professors.
a) even
b) even though
c) even if
5. Anybody can solve this puzzle. ………………. a child can do it.
a) Even
b) Even if
c) Even so
6. She didn’t …………………. say ‘thank-you’.
a) even
b) even if
c) even though
7. She is selfish. …………….. I can’t help liking her.
a) Even if
b) Even so
c) Even though
8. I will do it ………………… it kills me.
a) even
b) even if
c) even so
9. He works every day, …………………. on Sundays.
a) even
b) even so
c) even if
Answers
1. She eats anything. She eats even raw potatoes.
2. I will do it even if he forbids me.
3. Even though I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.
4. He is rude to everybody. He is even rude to his parents and professors.
5. Anybody can solve this puzzle. Even a child can do it.
6. She didn’t even say ‘thank-you’.
7. She is selfish. Even so I can’t help liking her.
8. I will do it even if it kills me.
9. He works every day, even on Sundays.

Monday, December 28, 2015

COMPREHENSION PASSAGE FOR READING - 1


Read the following article on being happy and then answer the questions:

You have only yourself to blame if you are not happier.  Give up feeling sad and sorry for yourself.

You can be happier NOW if you follow this advice.

We are a generation of couch potatoes.  Give up those endless hours, lying on the couch and doing very little.  Television is generally not good for you, unless you agree with Groucho Marx’s comment that he found television very educational because, every time someone turned the set on, he went to the next room and read a book!

We are often affected by the moods of those closest to us. If we surround ourselves with negative people, those who only describe the latest crime statistics or who have no sense of achievement, we, too, will be sad and depressed.  Do not spend time with negative people who moan about weight gain, ageing, crooked politicians, or the elections; surround yourself with happy people. Their mood will be catching and you will brighten up immediately.

Once you are off the couch and spending time with cheerful people, make sure that you lead an active life. Take up squash and beat the blues away; run or walk regularly; swimming is excellent for muscles, joints, and the heart; pump iron in the gym each morning;  activity will allow you to approach your work with greater energy.

Once at work, do not waste your time. You often feel unhappy when you think that you have not achieved what you set out to do, or when you are criticised for failing to meet deadlines. Instead, manage your time wisely.

We know from all the self-help guides and the how-to articles in newspapers and magazines that them. Make sure that you set goals and review them from time to time. Check each month whether you are still on track.

Instead of complaining and criticising, be grateful for what you have. We are all inclined to focus on the negatives and we forget that there is so much to praise and enjoy. Make sure that you say “thank you” – to your loved ones, to God, to your neighbours and friends.

Questions

1. Where do you think this article was published? Give a reason for your answer. (2)

2. For whom is the article written? Give a reason for your answer. (2)

3. The writer says that we are all “coach potatoes”. Do you agree with this? Give a reason

for your answer. Has Groucho Marx (a famous comedian) got a point? (3)

4. The writer argues that we should not surround ourselves with negative people.

4.1 According to the writer, what sort of negative things do these people talk about? (3)

4.2 Why do you think people like to focus on negative things? (2)

4.3 How do you think you can avoid negative people? (2)

5. Do you agree that we need to live an active life?  Give a reason for your answer. (2)

6. Explain the importance of time management.  (2)

7. Why do you think this writer talks about the need for goals? (2)


8. Is an article about being happy needed at this time? Give a reason for your answer. (2)

Suggested Solutions

1. The article was probably published in the Life section of a newspaper, or in a magazine. It is quite colloquial and enthusiastic; it gives typical hints and tips in an informal, racy way.

2. The article is written for everyone. Advice about being happy applies to everyone, regardless of race, gender, age, etc. (2)

3. Any reasonable suggestion. The learner may say yes/no, and must give a reason. (2)

4.1 weight gain, ageing, crooked politicians, crime or the elections. Any 4. (4)

4.2 Any reasonable suggestion, e.g., people actually enjoy being negative and complaining all the time. (2)

4.3 Any reasonable suggestion, e.g., do not choose to spend time with such people; find other friends. (2)

5. Any reasoned view, e.g., exercise is essential for mind and body. (2)

6. Without control of time, you will not achieve your goals  and then you will feel like a failure.   (2)

7. Any reasonable answer. Goals give us direction and purpose and help us get a sense of achievement. (2)

8. Any reasonable suggestion, e.g., there is so much negativity about Eskom and politicians and crime that an article like this might help. (2)